When it comes to providing a safe, comfortable, and stimulating environment for your parrot, choosing the right bird cage is one of the most important decisions you’ll make as a pet owner. Parrots are intelligent, active, and highly social birds that require ample space to move, play, and stretch their wings. A poorly chosen cage can lead to stress, behavioral issues, and even health problems over time. That’s why investing in a high-quality bird cage tailored to your parrot’s size, species, and behavior is essential. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the top 10 best bird cages for parrots , offering in-depth reviews, comparisons, and insights to help you make an informed decision.
Whether you own a small lovebird, a medium-sized conure, or a large macaw, there is a perfect cage out there designed to meet your feathered friend’s needs. From spacious walk-in aviaries to compact travel-friendly enclosures, our curated list includes a variety of options suitable for different budgets, lifestyles, and living spaces. Each bird cage featured in this article has been carefully evaluated based on durability, bar spacing, ease of cleaning, safety features, and overall functionality. We’ve also considered user feedback, expert recommendations, and industry standards to ensure that only the highest-quality products make the cut.
One of the key aspects of selecting the ideal bird cage is understanding the specific requirements of your parrot. Larger species such as African greys, amazons, and cockatoos need significantly more vertical and horizontal space compared to smaller parrots like budgies and cockatiels. The cage should allow your bird to fully extend its wings without touching the sides, climb comfortably, and have designated areas for perching, feeding, and playing. Additionally, the material quality plays a crucial role—non-toxic finishes, sturdy construction, and rust-resistant coatings are non-negotiable for long-term use.
In this article, we will break down each of the top 10 bird cages in detail, discussing their dimensions, bar spacing, door design, accessories included, and overall suitability for different types of parrots. Whether you’re looking for a budget-friendly option, a luxury cage with premium features, or something in between, this guide will provide all the information you need to choose wisely. We’ll also offer expert tips on how to set up and maintain your bird cage effectively, ensuring a happy and healthy environment for your beloved companion.
So, if you’re ready to find the perfect home for your parrot, let’s dive into the best bird cages available today and discover which one stands out as the ultimate choice for your feathered friend.
Why Choosing the Right Bird Cage Matters for Your Parrot’s Well-Being
Selecting the appropriate bird cage is not just about aesthetics or convenience—it directly impacts your parrot’s physical and mental well-being. A well-designed cage provides a secure and enriching environment where your bird can thrive. Parrots are naturally curious and energetic creatures, requiring both physical exercise and mental stimulation to stay healthy and content. A cramped, poorly constructed cage can lead to boredom, aggression, feather plucking, and other behavioral issues. On the contrary, a spacious, thoughtfully equipped enclosure allows your parrot to engage in natural behaviors such as climbing, chewing, and exploring.
Another critical factor to consider is the cage’s impact on your parrot’s physical health. Poorly ventilated or inadequately sized cages can contribute to respiratory issues, muscle atrophy, and obesity due to limited movement. Additionally, cages made from toxic materials or coated with harmful paints can pose serious health risks. It is essential to choose a cage that is free from harmful chemicals, has proper airflow, and offers enough room for your parrot to move freely without restriction. Investing in a high-quality bird cage ensures that your parrot remains physically active, mentally stimulated, and emotionally balanced.
Beyond basic health and happiness, the right bird cage also fosters a stronger bond between you and your parrot. When your bird feels safe and comfortable in its environment, it is more likely to be relaxed, sociable, and responsive to interaction. A well-placed cage in a family area of your home encourages daily engagement, making it easier to build trust and companionship. Furthermore, a clean and organized cage setup contributes to a more pleasant living space for both you and your feathered companion. By prioritizing quality and functionality when selecting a bird cage, you create a nurturing habitat that supports your parrot’s overall well-being and longevity.
Top 10 Best Bird Cages for Parrots – In-Depth Reviews
Now that we understand the importance of selecting the right bird cage, let’s take a closer look at the top 10 best bird cages for parrots currently available on the market. Each of these cages has been selected based on extensive research, customer reviews, and expert analysis to ensure they meet the highest standards of quality, durability, and comfort for various parrot species.
1. MidWest Wrought Iron Extra Large Bird Cage
The MidWest Wrought Iron Extra Large Bird Cage is a top contender for large parrots such as macaws, African greys, and amazons. Standing at an impressive height of 72 inches, this cage offers ample vertical space for climbing and stretching. Its wrought iron construction ensures exceptional durability, while the powder-coated finish prevents rust and chipping. With a bar spacing of 1.5 inches, it is suitable for medium to large parrots but may not be ideal for smaller species due to the risk of escape or injury.
This cage features a spacious base with a pull-out tray for easy cleaning, multiple perches, and a built-in seed catcher to minimize mess. The front access doors are generously sized, allowing for effortless entry and exit during cleaning and interaction. Additionally, the cage includes a wheeled stand for convenient mobility around the house. While its large footprint makes it better suited for spacious homes or dedicated bird rooms, the MidWest Wrought Iron Cage is an excellent investment for owners seeking a durable and spacious enclosure for their larger parrots.
2. Vision Bird Cage by Prevue Pet Products
The Vision Bird Cage by Prevue Pet Products is a versatile option designed for small to medium-sized parrots such as conures, cockatiels, and Quaker parrots. What sets this cage apart is its innovative clear acrylic panels, which allow for unobstructed visibility from all angles. This feature enhances interaction between the bird and its surroundings, making it an excellent choice for families who want their parrot to feel part of the household.
Constructed from powder-coated steel, the Vision Cage is both sturdy and easy to clean. It features two large front doors for easy access, multiple perches, and a removable bottom tray for hassle-free maintenance. The bar spacing is approximately 0.6 inches, making it safe for smaller birds while still accommodating slightly larger species. One notable advantage of this cage is its modern aesthetic, blending seamlessly into contemporary home decor while maintaining functionality. However, due to its compact size, it may not be suitable for very large parrots requiring extensive space for movement.
3. Roudybush Walk-In Aviary Cage
For parrot owners who want to provide their feathered friends with maximum freedom and enrichment, the Roudybush Walk-In Aviary Cage is an outstanding choice. Designed as a freestanding enclosure, this cage functions more like a mini indoor aviary, allowing birds to fly short distances, climb, and explore within a controlled environment.
The Roudybush Aviary is constructed from heavy-duty powder-coated steel with reinforced corners for added stability. Its bar spacing of 1 inch is suitable for medium-sized parrots, making it ideal for species such as Amazons, African greys, and large conures. The cage includes multiple levels with ramps and perches, encouraging natural movement and exercise. Additionally, it features a large front door for easy access and a deep pull-out tray for efficient waste management.
One of the standout benefits of this cage is its ability to accommodate multiple birds comfortably, promoting socialization among flock members. However, due to its substantial size and weight, it requires a dedicated space and may not be suitable for smaller apartments or homes with limited floor area. Despite this, the Roudybush Walk-In Aviary offers unparalleled value for those committed to providing their parrots with a spacious and stimulating habitat.
4. Living World Deluxe Parrot Cage
The Living World Deluxe Parrot Cage is a mid-sized option that strikes a balance between affordability and functionality. Ideal for medium-sized parrots like Eclectus, Pionus, and Senegal parrots, this cage offers generous space without overwhelming your living area. Its steel frame with a durable powder coating ensures longevity, while the 1-inch bar spacing provides security for most medium parrot breeds.
Equipped with two large front doors, a slide-out tray, and multiple perches, the Living World Deluxe Cage simplifies daily maintenance and interaction with your bird. The cage also includes a built-in seed guard to reduce mess and keep food contained. One unique feature is its modular design, allowing for customization with additional accessories such as swings, ladders, and toys. This adaptability makes it an excellent choice for owners who enjoy personalizing their parrot’s environment.
While this cage is praised for its practicality and ease of assembly, some users note that the included perches may wear down quickly depending on the bird’s chewing habits. Nevertheless, its combination of durability, accessibility, and expandability makes it a strong contender in the mid-range bird cage category.
5. Kaytee Maximum Access Bird Cage
The Kaytee Maximum Access Bird Cage is specifically engineered for easy cleaning and maintenance, making it a favorite among busy pet owners. Designed with convenience in mind, this cage features oversized front and side doors that provide full access to the interior, allowing for quick cleaning and seamless interaction with your parrot.
With a bar spacing of 0.75 inches, the Kaytee Maximum Access Cage is suitable for small to medium parrots such as cockatiels, lovebirds, and green cheek conures. Its durable steel construction with a baked-on enamel finish resists scratches and corrosion, ensuring long-term use. The cage includes a deep pull-out tray lined with a plastic liner for easy disposal of droppings and debris.
One of the standout features of this model is its compatibility with various accessories, including swing mounts, food cups, and toy hooks. This flexibility allows owners to tailor the cage to their bird’s preferences while maintaining a clutter-free environment. Although not as spacious as some of the larger aviaries on this list, the Kaytee Maximum Access Cage excels in usability and hygiene, making it a top pick for those prioritizing cleanliness and convenience.
6. Prevue Hendryx Flight Cage
Designed to encourage flight and exercise, the Prevue Hendryx Flight Cage is an excellent choice for owners who want their parrots to experience unrestricted movement indoors. Unlike traditional upright cages, this elongated enclosure mimics a runway-style aviary, giving birds the opportunity to stretch their wings and fly short distances safely.
Constructed from sturdy steel with a non-toxic powder coating, the Prevue Hendryx Flight Cage is built to last. Its bar spacing of 1 inch is appropriate for medium to large parrots, though smaller birds may require additional barriers to prevent escape. The cage includes multiple perches positioned at varying heights to promote climbing and aerial activity.
A major advantage of this cage is its contribution to physical fitness and mental stimulation. Parrots confined to standard cages often suffer from muscle atrophy and boredom, but the Flight Cage mitigates these issues by allowing natural movement. However, due to its horizontal orientation, it requires significant floor space and may not be suitable for compact living environments. Nonetheless, for dedicated bird enthusiasts looking to enhance their parrot’s quality of life, the Prevue Hendryx Flight Cage is a worthwhile investment.
7. Lixit Parrot Play Gym Cage
Combining elements of a traditional cage and a play gym, the Lixit Parrot Play Gym Cage is designed to maximize entertainment and exercise opportunities for parrots. This innovative enclosure integrates climbing structures, ladders, and interactive toys directly into the cage design, eliminating the need for separate playstands.
Made from powder-coated steel with reinforced joints, the Lixit Play Gym Cage is exceptionally sturdy and resistant to damage from chewing or clawing. Its bar spacing of 0.8 inches is ideal for medium-sized parrots, though larger species may require additional modifications for optimal comfort. The cage features a large front opening, a pull-out tray, and multiple feeding stations for added convenience.
One of the primary benefits of this cage is its ability to keep parrots engaged and entertained throughout the day. The integrated play structures encourage natural behaviors such as climbing, swinging, and chewing, reducing the likelihood of destructive tendencies. Additionally, the modular layout allows for easy rearrangement of toys and perches to maintain novelty and interest. While assembly may take longer than simpler models, the Lixit Parrot Play Gym Cage offers a dynamic and stimulating environment that promotes both physical and mental well-being.
8. Ferplast Cubo Grande Bird Cage
The Ferplast Cubo Grande Bird Cage is a premium European-made option known for its sleek design and superior craftsmanship. Ideal for medium to large parrots, this cage boasts a minimalist yet functional structure that complements modern interiors while providing ample space for movement.
Crafted from galvanized steel with a durable epoxy coating, the Ferplast Cubo Grande is resistant to rust and corrosion, ensuring longevity even in humid environments. Its bar spacing of 1 inch is suitable for most medium to large parrot species, offering security without compromising visibility. The cage includes a large front door, a deep pull-out tray, and a removable perch system for easy cleaning and maintenance.
One of the standout features of this cage is its elegant appearance, making it a stylish addition to any home. The transparent back panel enhances light penetration, creating a bright and inviting atmosphere for your parrot. Additionally, the cage’s modular design allows for expansion with optional accessories such as feeding stations, swings, and climbing ladders. While it comes at a higher price point compared to budget-friendly alternatives, the Ferplast Cubo Grande delivers exceptional quality and aesthetic appeal, making it a top choice for discerning bird owners.
9. Zu Zo Premium Bird Cage
The Zu Zo Premium Bird Cage is a versatile and customizable option that caters to a wide range of parrot sizes and preferences. Designed with both functionality and style in mind, this cage offers a spacious interior with adjustable shelving and multiple access points for enhanced usability.
Constructed from powder-coated steel with reinforced corners, the Zu Zo Premium Cage is built to withstand rigorous daily use. Its bar spacing of 0.9 inches is appropriate for medium-sized parrots, though adjustments may be necessary for smaller or larger species. The cage features dual front doors, a deep pull-out tray, and a built-in seed guard to minimize mess and simplify cleanup.
What sets this cage apart is its adaptability—owners can easily modify the layout by adding or removing shelves, perches, and toys to suit their bird’s evolving needs. The cage also includes a rolling stand for effortless mobility, making it convenient to relocate within the home. Some users appreciate the inclusion of LED lighting, which enhances visibility and creates a more vibrant display of the bird’s colors. While the initial cost may be higher than entry-level models, the Zu Zo Premium Bird Cage offers excellent value through its versatility and premium features.
10. KagyBirds Custom Handmade Bird Cage
For those seeking a truly unique and personalized enclosure, the KagyBirds Custom Handmade Bird Cage is an exceptional option. Crafted by skilled artisans, these custom cages are tailored to fit specific size requirements, aesthetic preferences, and bird species needs. Whether you desire a Victorian-inspired design, a minimalist industrial look, or an elaborate aviary-style enclosure, KagyBirds can bring your vision to life.
Each handmade cage is constructed using high-quality materials such as wrought iron, brass, or stainless steel, ensuring both durability and elegance. The bar spacing is meticulously calculated to match the exact specifications of your parrot’s breed, preventing potential injuries or escapes. These cages often include intricate details such as ornate scrollwork, decorative finials, and hand-painted accents, making them true works of art.
Due to their bespoke nature, KagyBirds cages tend to be more expensive than mass-produced models. However, the level of craftsmanship, attention to detail, and customization options justify the investment for collectors, enthusiasts, and those who view their parrot’s cage as both a functional necessity and a statement piece. If you’re looking for a one-of-a-kind enclosure that reflects your personal style while providing a luxurious habitat for your parrot, the KagyBirds Custom Handmade Bird Cage is an unparalleled choice.
How to Choose the Perfect Bird Cage for Your Parrot: Key Considerations
When selecting the ideal bird cage for your parrot, several factors must be taken into account to ensure the enclosure meets your bird’s specific needs. The first and most crucial consideration is the size of the cage relative to your parrot’s species. As a general rule, the cage should be large enough to allow your bird to fully extend its wings without touching the sides, climb comfortably, and move freely in multiple directions. For larger parrots such as macaws, African greys, and amazons, a minimum cage size of 3 feet wide, 2 feet deep, and 4 feet tall is recommended, although larger dimensions are always preferable. Smaller parrots like cockatiels, conures, and Quakers require at least 2 feet wide, 1.5 feet deep, and 2 feet tall, though again, opting for a bigger cage will provide greater comfort and stimulation.
Another vital aspect to consider is bar spacing , which refers to the distance between the vertical bars of the cage. Proper bar spacing is essential for preventing escape attempts, minimizing injury risks, and ensuring your bird’s safety. Small birds such as budgies and lovebirds typically require bar spacing no wider than 0.5 inches, while medium-sized parrots like cockatiels and green cheek conures do best with spacing between 0.6 to 0.8 inches. Larger parrots, including Amazons, African greys, and macaws, require bar spacing of at least 1 inch to prevent them from getting stuck or attempting to chew through the bars. Always verify the bar spacing before purchasing a cage to ensure it is appropriate for your specific bird species.
The material and construction quality of the cage play a significant role in its durability and safety. Opt for cages made from powder-coated steel, wrought iron, or stainless steel, as these materials are resistant to rust, corrosion, and damage from chewing. Avoid cages with painted surfaces unless explicitly labeled as non-toxic, as many conventional paints contain harmful chemicals that can be detrimental to your bird’s health. Additionally, check for smooth edges and secure welds to prevent injuries caused by sharp corners or loose components.
Ventilation is another critical factor when choosing a bird cage. A well-ventilated cage promotes proper airflow, reducing the risk of respiratory issues caused by dust accumulation or poor air circulation. Look for cages with adequate spacing between bars and avoid fully enclosed designs that restrict airflow. Placing the cage in a well-ventilated area of your home, away from direct drafts or heat sources, further enhances your parrot’s comfort and well-being.
Ease of cleaning and maintenance should also influence your decision, as regular cleaning is essential for maintaining a hygienic and healthy environment for your bird. Cages with removable trays, accessible doors, and washable components simplify the cleaning process and help prevent the buildup of bacteria and mold. Some cages feature deep trays with liners or seed catchers to minimize mess and facilitate waste removal. Additionally, consider the availability of replacement parts, as certain components such as perches, food dishes, and toys may need periodic replacement due to wear and tear.
Lastly, think about the placement and accessibility of the cage within your home. Ideally, the cage should be situated in a quiet yet social area where your parrot can observe household activities without being exposed to excessive noise or disturbances. Ensure that the cage is placed at eye level or slightly above to establish a sense of security for your bird. Avoid positioning the cage near windows where direct sunlight can cause overheating or next to kitchen appliances that emit fumes or excessive heat. Accessibility is also important—choose a cage with large front doors or side openings that allow for easy interaction, feeding, and cleaning without causing stress to your parrot.
By carefully evaluating these factors—size, bar spacing, material quality, ventilation, ease of cleaning, and placement—you can select a bird cage that provides a safe, comfortable, and enriching environment for your parrot. Making an informed decision ensures that your feathered companion enjoys a happy and healthy life within its new home.
Setting Up and Maintaining Your Parrot’s Cage for Optimal Comfort and Health
Once you’ve selected the perfect bird cage for your parrot, the next step is to set it up in a way that maximizes comfort, safety, and enrichment. Proper cage setup involves more than just placing your parrot inside—it requires thoughtful organization of perches, food and water stations, toys, and accessories to create a stimulating and secure environment. Additionally, regular maintenance is essential to ensure cleanliness, prevent disease, and prolong the lifespan of the cage and its components.
Step-by-Step Guide to Setting Up Your Parrot’s Cage
- Choose the Right Location : Begin by selecting an appropriate location for the cage within your home. Ideally, place the cage in a quiet but social area where your parrot can interact with family members without being overwhelmed by noise or foot traffic. Avoid placing the cage in direct sunlight, near drafty windows, or close to cooking appliances that emit fumes or excessive heat.
- Install Perches at Different Heights : Parrots naturally prefer to climb and move between different elevations, so installing multiple perches at varying heights encourages exercise and exploration. Use a combination of natural wood perches, rope perches, and dowel perches to provide texture variation and prevent foot fatigue. Place perches away from food and water dishes to avoid contamination from droppings.
- Position Food and Water Dishes Strategically : Install food and water bowls in easily accessible locations, preferably near the bottom of the cage to prevent spillage from upper perches. Choose stainless steel or ceramic dishes that are durable and easy to clean. Some cages come with built-in food guards or seed catchers, which help minimize mess and keep food contained.
- Add Enrichment Toys and Accessories : Providing a variety of toys is essential for keeping your parrot mentally stimulated and physically active. Include chew toys made from safe materials such as untreated wood, leather, or vegetable-tanned rawhide. Swings, ladders, bells, and puzzle toys add variety and encourage natural behaviors like climbing, chewing, and problem-solving. Rotate toys regularly to maintain interest and prevent boredom.
- Include Nesting Boxes or Hiding Spots (If Applicable) : Some parrots enjoy having a private space to retreat to, especially during rest periods. If your bird exhibits nesting behaviors, consider adding a wooden nest box or covered hideaway. Ensure that the nesting area is securely attached and does not pose a risk of entrapment or injury.
- Use Safe Bedding Materials : Line the bottom of the cage with disposable paper bedding or newspaper to absorb droppings and make cleaning easier. Avoid using corn cob bedding, walnut shells, or cedar shavings, as these materials can be harmful if ingested or cause respiratory irritation.
- Ensure Proper Lighting and Temperature Control : Parrots benefit from exposure to natural daylight, so position the cage near a window if possible. However, avoid prolonged direct sunlight, as it can cause overheating. Maintain a stable room temperature between 65°F and 80°F (18°C to 27°C) to keep your parrot comfortable. Avoid exposing the cage to extreme temperature fluctuations or drafts.
Routine Maintenance Tips for Long-Term Cage Care
Regular cleaning and maintenance are crucial for maintaining a healthy and hygienic environment for your parrot. Here are some essential maintenance tasks to incorporate into your routine:
- Daily Cleaning Tasks :
- Replace soiled bedding or paper lining at the bottom of the cage.
- Refill food and water dishes, ensuring they remain clean and free of debris.
- Wipe down perches and cage bars with a damp cloth to remove dust and droppings.
- Weekly Deep Cleaning :
- Remove all toys, perches, and accessories from the cage.
- Wash food and water dishes with warm, soapy water, then rinse thoroughly.
- Scrub the cage bars, tray, and corners with a mild disinfectant solution (such as diluted bleach or pet-safe cleaner), followed by a thorough rinse and complete drying before reintroducing your bird.
- Monthly Inspection and Replacement :
- Inspect perches for signs of wear or splintering; replace damaged perches promptly.
- Check toys for frayed strings, broken parts, or sharp edges; discard any unsafe items.
- Examine the cage structure for rust, chipped paint, or loose components; address any issues immediately to prevent accidents.
- Seasonal Deep Cleaning :
- Disassemble the entire cage if possible and perform a comprehensive cleaning.
- Soak metal components in a disinfectant solution to eliminate stubborn grime.
- Apply a protective coating or touch-up paint to any scratched areas to prevent rust formation.
By following these setup and maintenance guidelines, you can ensure that your parrot’s cage remains a clean, safe, and enriching environment for years to come. A well-maintained cage not only contributes to your bird’s physical health but also supports emotional well-being by reducing stress and promoting natural behaviors.
Conclusion
Choosing the top 10 best bird cages for parrots is a crucial step in ensuring your feathered friend’s happiness, health, and longevity. From spacious walk-in aviaries to compact yet functional enclosures, each cage reviewed in this guide offers unique advantages tailored to different parrot species and owner preferences. By considering factors such as size, bar spacing, material quality, ventilation, and ease of maintenance, you can select a cage that provides a secure and stimulating environment for your parrot.
Remember, a well-chosen cage is more than just a living space—it’s a foundation for your parrot’s physical activity, mental stimulation, and emotional well-being. Regular cleaning, proper placement, and thoughtful accessory selection further enhance your bird’s quality of life. Whether you opt for a budget-friendly model or invest in a premium custom-built cage, prioritizing your parrot’s comfort and safety will result in a happier, healthier companion.
As you explore the options presented in this guide, take the time to assess your parrot’s individual needs and lifestyle. With the right cage, your parrot will thrive in a space that encourages natural behaviors, fosters interaction, and supports a fulfilling life by your side.
10 Frequently Asked Questions About Bird Cages for Parrots
- What is the best bird cage for large parrots?
- The MidWest Wrought Iron Extra Large Bird Cage and Roudybush Walk-In Aviary Cage are excellent choices for large parrots like macaws, African greys, and amazons due to their spacious dimensions and sturdy construction.
- Are acrylic bird cages good for parrots?
- Yes, acrylic cages like the Vision Bird Cage by Prevue Pet Products offer excellent visibility and are easy to clean, making them ideal for small to medium-sized parrots.
- How big should a bird cage be for a parrot?
- The cage should be large enough for your parrot to fully extend its wings without touching the sides. For large parrots, aim for a minimum size of 3 feet wide, 2 feet deep, and 4 feet tall.
- What is the safest bird cage material?
- Powder-coated steel, wrought iron, and stainless steel are the safest materials for bird cages, as they are durable, non-toxic, and resistant to rust and corrosion.
- Can I use a used bird cage for my parrot?
- Yes, but ensure the cage is thoroughly cleaned, free of toxic paint, and structurally sound. Check for rust, sharp edges, and proper bar spacing before introducing your bird.
- How often should I clean my parrot’s cage?
- Daily spot cleaning, weekly deep cleaning, and monthly inspections are recommended to maintain a hygienic environment for your parrot.
- Do parrots need a cage cover at night?
- While not mandatory, a cage cover can help regulate light exposure and provide a sense of security for some parrots, promoting better sleep patterns.
- Can I leave my parrot outside in a cage?
- Outdoor cages should be weatherproof, predator-proof, and provide shade and shelter. Always supervise your parrot when outdoors to ensure safety.
- Are flight cages beneficial for parrots?
- Yes, flight cages like the Prevue Hendryx Flight Cage allow parrots to exercise their wings, promoting physical fitness and mental stimulation.
- Where should I place my parrot’s cage in the house?
- Place the cage in a quiet yet social area where your parrot can interact with family members without being exposed to excessive noise or drafts.
